How do you describe molecular orbitals?
In chemistry, a molecular orbital is a mathematical function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in a molecule. When multiple atoms combine chemically into a molecule, the electrons’ locations are determined by the molecule as a whole, so the atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals.
What does a molecular orbital diagram show?
A molecular orbital diagram, or MO diagram, is a qualitative descriptive tool explaining chemical bonding in molecules in terms of molecular orbital theory in general and the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method in particular.
How do you determine the number of molecular orbitals?
First principle: The number of molecular orbitals produced is always equal to the number of atomic orbitals brought by the atoms that have combined. Second principle: Bonding molecular orbitals are lower in energy that the parent orbitals, and the antibonding orbitals are higher in energy.
How molecular orbitals are formed?
Molecular orbitals are obtained by combining the atomic orbitals on the atoms in the molecule. One of the molecular orbitals in this molecule is constructed by adding the mathematical functions for the two 1s atomic orbitals that come together to form this molecule.
How are molecular orbitals formed?
What is the shape of the 2p orbitals?
Each 2p orbital has two lobes. There is a planar node normal to the axis of the orbital (so the 2px orbital has a yz nodal plane, for instance). The higher p-orbitals ( 3p, 4p, 5p, 6p, and 7p) are more complex still since they have spherical nodes as well.
What is ethethidium bromide?
Ethidium bromide is a phenanthridine monomer dye (Fig. 4.1 ), which exhibits a 20- to 25-fold fluorescence enhancement upon binding to double-stranded DNA ( LePecq & Paoletti, 1967 ). The dye intercalates between adjacent base pairs in the double-stranded DNA molecule ( Reinhardt & Krugh, 1978 ).
How can ethidium bromide be used to detect nucleic acids?
DNA sample separated using gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids and stained with ethidium bromide, which emits orange light after binding to DNA Ethidium bromide is commonly used to detect nucleic acids in molecular biology laboratories.
Is ethidium bromide safe for DNA gel analysis?
Ethidium bromide is a valuable aid for visualizing DNA in gels, but it is considered a “powerful mutagen with moderate toxicity” (MacGregor and Johnson, 1977 ). The greatest safety concern is during the preparation of a stock from the powdered ethidium bromide. CAUTION: Use great care when weighing out powdered ethidium bromide.
Is ethethidium bromide intercalated between two adenine base pairs?
Ethidium bromide intercalated between two adenine–thymine base pairs. The intercalation is said by some to movivate a high mutagenicity of DNA, although that is poorly supported by evidence.